Lengthy appearing progestogens versus mixed oral contraceptive tablet for stopping recurrence of endometriosis associated ache: the PRE-EMPT pragmatic, parallel group, open label, randomised managed trial

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Summary

Goals To guage the medical effectiveness of lengthy appearing progestogens in contrast with the mixed oral contraceptive tablet in stopping recurrence of endometriosis associated ache.

Design The PRE-EMPT (stopping recurrence of endometriosis) pragmatic, parallel group, open label, randomised managed trial.

Individuals 405 ladies of reproductive age present process conservative surgical procedure for endometriosis.

Interventions Individuals had been randomised in a 1:1 ratio utilizing a safe web facility to an extended appearing progestogen (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system) or the mixed oral contraceptive tablet.

Predominant end result measures The first end result was ache measured three years after randomisation utilizing the ache area of the Endometriosis Well being Profile 30 (EHP-30) questionnaire. Secondary outcomes (evaluated at six months, one, two, and three years) included the 4 core and 6 modular domains of the EHP-30, and therapy failure (additional therapeutic surgical procedure or second line medical therapy).

Outcomes 405 ladies had been randomised to obtain an extended appearing progestogen (n=205) or mixed oral contraceptive tablet (n=200). At three years, there was no distinction in ache scores between the teams (adjusted imply distinction −0.8, 95% confidence interval −5.7 to 4.2, P=0.76), which had improved by round 40% in each teams in contrast with preoperative values (a median of 24 and 23 factors for lengthy appearing progestogen and mixed oral contraceptive tablet teams, respectively). Many of the different domains of the EHP-30 additionally confirmed enchancment in any respect time factors in contrast with preoperative scores, with out proof of any variations between teams. Ladies randomised to an extended appearing progestogen underwent fewer surgical procedures or second line remedies in contrast with these randomised to the mixed oral contraceptive tablet group (73 v 97; hazard ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 1.00).

Conclusions Postoperative prescription of an extended appearing progestogen or the mixed oral contraceptive tablet leads to related ranges of enchancment in endometriosis associated ache at three years, with each teams displaying round a 40% enchancment in contrast with preoperative ranges. Whereas ladies could be reassured that each choices are efficient, the diminished danger of repeat surgical procedure for endometriosis and hysterectomy would possibly make lengthy appearing reversible progestogens preferable for some.

Introduction

Endometriosis is an oestrogen dependent situation that impacts as much as one in 10 ladies of reproductive age.1 Characterised by the expansion of endometrial-like tissue exterior the uterus, it will possibly trigger extreme pelvic ache and infertility that may have a critical affect on high quality of life.234 The situation requires a laparoscopy for definitive prognosis and is continuously handled by excision or ablation of affected tissue on the identical time.

Recurrence of endometriosis after surgical procedure is frequent and poses a serious problem to its profitable administration. Inhabitants based mostly knowledge from Scotland exhibits that, after preliminary surgical procedure for endometriosis, 62% of handled ladies have a minimum of one repeat operation, 45% have two or extra, and almost 25% want surgical elimination of their ovaries, usually mixed with a hysterectomy.5

The UK Nationwide Institute for Well being and Care Excellence and the European Society of Human Replica and Embryology advocate using hormonal preparations together with the mixed oral contraceptive tablet (COCP) and progestogens to deal with endometriosis associated ache.67 It’s unclear as to which of those two therapy regimens is best at stopping the recurrence of endometriosis associated ache after surgical therapy. Moreover, continuation charges and adherence to therapy may be improved by use of lengthy appearing progestogens (LAPs) as there isn’t a have to take medication every day.

Our goal was to judge whether or not LAPs or COCP had been simpler in stopping the recurrence of ache in ladies present process conservative surgical procedure for endometriosis. The financial outcomes from a parallel price effectiveness analysis will likely be offered in a separate paper.

Strategies

Trial design

The PRE-EMPT (stopping recurrence of endometriosis) trial was a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, open label, superiority randomised managed trial. In response to clinician and affected person suggestions that therapy preferences would possibly stop randomisation to a multiarm trial, the examine was designed prospectively to be adaptive, based mostly on feasibility of recruitment; the complete strategies have been detailed beforehand.8 Briefly, throughout an inside pilot part, sufferers might enter the examine supplied they had been prepared to be randomised to a minimum of one type of LAP (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate—DMPA, or the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system—LNG-IUS) and a minimum of one intervention that was not a LAP (COCP or no therapy). On the finish of this pilot part, a report was supplied to a joint trial steering committee and knowledge monitoring committee describing the frequency of randomisation choices chosen so {that a} possible design together with probably the most generally chosen choices might be agreed for the rest of the examine. A qualitative evaluation was additionally performed throughout this time, the outcomes of which fed into any choices about trial design.9 The therapy choices described beneath mirror the revised design that compares LAP as a category of remedies (DMPA or LNG-IUS) versus COCP.

The protocol (supplementary materials 1) obtained medical trial authorisation (EudraCT 2013-001984-21) from the Medicines and Healthcare merchandise Regulatory Authority and a beneficial moral opinion from the East of Scotland Ethics Committee (14/ES1004). The trial was prospectively registered within the ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN97865475; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN97865475). A statistical evaluation plan was generated for the medical trial (supplementary materials 2), and all individuals supplied written knowledgeable consent. We used the CONSORT (Consolidated Requirements of Reporting Trials) guidelines when scripting this report.10

Participant choice

Recruitment below the definitive design was from 23 November 2015 to 25 March 2019, with 92 individuals recruited within the inside pilot part (from March 2014 to November 2015). Ladies aged 16-45 years, with signs suggestive of endometriosis and scheduled for diagnostic laparoscopy with concurrent surgical procedure for endometriosis (if confirmed), or with a earlier laparoscopic prognosis and scheduled for conservative surgical procedure, had been probably eligible. Exclusion standards had been infertility, fast plans to conceive, plans for elective endometriosis surgical procedure for deep illness or endometrioma, contraindications to make use of of hormonal therapy, and suspicion of malignancy at laparoscopy. Earlier use of any trial interventions didn’t preclude participation, whereas a 4 week washout interval was required earlier than laparoscopy for girls utilizing gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues. An intraoperative prognosis of treatable peritoneal endometriosis confirmed eligibility.

Randomisation and interventions

Eligible consenting individuals had been randomised 1:1 to obtain a LAP or COCP. Within the LAP group, the choices had been DMPA, administered at a dose of 150 mg in an aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection each three months, or LNG-IUS that delivers a day by day dose of 20 µg of levonorgestrel for 5 years. These randomised to COCP had been prescribed a formulation containing 30 μg ethinylestradiol and 150 μg levonorgestrel, taken cyclically every month, constantly or in a tricycle routine. Individuals and investigators weren’t blinded to therapy allocation owing to the substantial variations in formulations and their routes of supply.

Randomisation occurred intraoperatively or instantly postoperatively utilizing a central web randomisation service supplied by the Birmingham Scientific Trials Unit. Minimisation variables had been stage of endometriosis (utilizing the American Society for Reproductive Drugs classification, stage I or II v stage III or IV); extent of excision or ablation of endometriosis (full v incomplete, as judged by the surgeon on the time of conservative surgical procedure); age in years (<35 years v ≥35 years); randomising centre; meant LAP (if randomised to LAP); motive for number of LAP (affected person choice, clinician recommendation, or no choice). If the participant had no choice for a selected LAP, the LAP was randomly allotted earlier than LAP versus COCP randomisation utilizing a random blocked listing (variable size) integrated into the pc based mostly algorithm. Affected person alternative of LAP earlier than randomisation gave them some management over which LAP they’d be handled with if randomised to this class of therapy.

Final result measures

The first end result was the recurrence of signs as evaluated by the ache area of the Endometriosis Well being Profile-30 (EHP-30, the place 0 is finest rating and 100 is worst rating) three years after randomisation.1112 The EHP-30 is a validated situation particular device to evaluate affect on high quality of life by endometriosis.

Secondary medical end result measures included the remaining EHP-30 core domains (management and powerlessness, emotional wellbeing, social assist, self-image) and elective modular domains (work, relationship with kids, sexual relationship, emotions in regards to the medical career, therapy, and infertility). Different secondary outcomes had been ache in periods, throughout intercourse, and at every other time (measured by a visible analogue scale, the place 0 was no ache and 100 was worst conceivable ache), a 4 level ordinal international impression of change in ache, menstrual regularity on a 4 level ordinal scale, the Fatigue Severity Rating,13 generic high quality of life (measured by EQ-5D-5L),1415 and capabilities (ICECAP-A—ICEpop CAPability measure for Adults).16 The outcomes of ICECAP will likely be offered and mentioned in a separate economics paper. Additional surgical procedure (laparoscopy to analyze recurrent ache, to deal with endometriosis, or hysterectomy) or using gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues had been used as a proxy for therapy failure, with a return to preoperative EHP-30 scores additionally added to those as an additional end result. Change or cessation of randomised therapy, which didn’t necessitate withdrawal from the trial, had been classed as discontinuation. Critical occasions had been classed as these requiring hospital admission or leading to demise or incapacity, and had been categorised as anticipated or sudden, and associated or unrelated to trial therapy.

Outcomes had been collated in a participant accomplished questionnaire booklet at baseline after which at six months, one, two, and three years. Individuals who didn’t return questionnaires had been contacted by phone to gather the first outcomes (medical and financial) and data on additional therapy or being pregnant. Different secondary outcomes weren’t obtained for the phone accomplished shortened questionnaire. Information on additional surgical procedures and second line medical remedies for endometriosis had been obtained immediately from individuals and likewise the hospital data of non-responders.

Pattern measurement

The ultimate pattern measurement calculation mirrored the adjustments to the trial design on the finish of the inner pilot part. The unique pattern measurement conservatively assumed the likelihood that every one therapy choices can be taken ahead and as much as six comparisons can be made; this may require in depth multiplicity changes. As a result of just one primary comparability was taken ahead, a smaller pattern measurement was wanted within the last design. The revised estimate of the usual deviation was taken from pooled baseline knowledge on the finish of this pilot part. These adjustments had been accredited by the trial steering committee and knowledge monitoring committee and had been made blind to any accruing follow-up knowledge.

To detect an eight level distinction on the EHP-30 ache area with 90% energy (P=0.05) and assuming a regular deviation of twenty-two factors required 160 individuals per group, 320 in whole. To account for a 20% loss to follow-up, this goal was inflated to 400. The dimensions of distinction focused (0.36 customary deviation) was thought of to be small (0.2 customary deviation) to reasonable (0.5 customary deviation). This pattern measurement would additionally present 80% energy to detect a 10-point distinction within the two stratified analyses of LNG-IUS versus COCP, and DMPA versus COCP supplied related numbers had been recruited to the DMPA and LNG-IUS teams.

Statistical evaluation

The statistical evaluation plan was generated and reviewed by the trial steering committee and knowledge monitoring committee earlier than any analyses had been undertaken. Individuals had been analysed within the therapy group to which they had been randomised (intention to deal with), no matter adherence to the therapy protocol. All individuals recruited from 23 October 2015 had been included within the last evaluation inhabitants, together with 92 from the inner pilot part who had been randomised to combos of remedies that solely included LAPs and COCP.

For the first end result (EHP-30 ache scores at three years), a blended results linear regression mannequin for repeated measures17 calculated the adjusted distinction between group means, together with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Parameters for participant, therapy group, time, time by therapy, baseline ache rating (as a steady variable), and the minimisation variables had been included; centre was included as a random impact. Secondary outcomes measured on a steady scale had been analysed in the same method and different variables utilizing acceptable regression fashions, depending on the info kind. All estimates of variations between teams had been offered with two sided 95% CIs.

Preplanned subgroup analyses on the first end result had been accomplished on the minimisation variables, together with the number of LAP (LNG-IUS or DMPA) earlier than randomisation. The results of those subgroups had been examined by including the subgroup by therapy group interplay parameters to the linear mannequin described above. Sensitivity evaluation was carried out on the first end result to analyze the belief that lacking knowledge had been lacking at random; this integrated a delta based mostly a number of imputation method, which assumes lacking knowledge are lacking not at random.18

Interim analyses of effectiveness and security endpoints had been carried out on behalf of the info monitoring committee roughly yearly through the interval of recruitment. These analyses had been performed utilizing the Haybittle-Peto precept19; subsequently, no adjustment was made within the last P values to find out significance.

Affected person and public involvement

Enter from sufferers and the general public was essential in shaping the design of the inner pilot and the principle trial, and within the alternative of the first and secondary outcomes. Affected person and public involvement (PPI) on the design stage of the trial led to the inclusion of the fatigue scale as an end result measure. As coapplicant, our lead PPI consultant supplied a affected person centred perspective to all discussions and choices on recruitment, follow-up, and using language inside paperwork geared toward individuals.

PPI colleagues additionally influenced our recruitment and follow-up methods, particularly the choice to go for phone follow-up for individuals after two unsuccessful makes an attempt to contact them by mail. Lastly, enter from PPI colleagues has been invaluable in deciphering trial outcomes. PPI teams together with Endometriosis UK supported using a number of complementary routes of communication to interact with sufferers from all backgrounds and be sure that the important thing messages from this trial had been accessible to all these with endometriosis, their households, and all those that look after them.

Outcomes

Throughout 34 UK gynaecology clinics, 2858 ladies had been screened for eligibility and 405 had been randomised (fig 1). Supplementary desk 1 lists causes for ineligibility. The follow-up fee for the first end result was 337 of 405 (83%) at three years; 381 of 405 (94%) supplied an EHP-30 ache rating for a minimum of one of many follow-up time factors. Remaining follow-up knowledge had been obtained in July 2022.

Fig 1
Fig 1

CONSORT (Consolidated Requirements of Reporting Trials) trial profile. Accomplished EHP-30 ache rating at any evaluation time: LAP, n=195; COCP, n=186. COCP=mixed oral contraceptive tablet; EHP-30=Endometriosis Well being Profile 30; LAP=lengthy appearing progestogen

Individuals had a imply age of 29 years (customary deviation 6.6) and most (91%, 369 of 405) described their ethnicity as white (desk 1). Endometriosis was graded by the surgeon as stage I or stage II (American Society for Reproductive Drugs classification of minimal or gentle) in 79% (319 of 405) of individuals and endometrial tissue was deemed to have been utterly excised at operation in 91% (369 of 405). The minimisation algorithm ensured stability between teams when it comes to age, extent of excision as judged by surgeon, stage of endometriosis, LAP choice, and centre; the teams had been additionally properly balanced for the opposite baseline traits.

Desk 1

Baseline traits of individuals by randomised group

Of the 205 ladies randomised to LAP, a couple of extra had been supplied therapy with DMPA in contrast with LNG-IUS (114 (56%) v 91 (44%)). Roughly four-fifths (81%, 254 of 313; desk 1) of those therapy choices had been pushed by affected person choice. Roughly 65% of individuals allotted a LAP had been nonetheless utilizing a LAP at one yr, lowering to 37% by three years. The equal figures within the COCP group had been decrease at 53% and 25%, respectively (supplementary determine 1, panel A). Switching from one LAP therapy to a different (ie, from LNG-IUS to DMPA or vice versa) or supplementation of a (associated) non-trial drug was additionally a comparatively frequent incidence. Adherence to the initially allotted therapy (with none therapy change in any respect) occurred in 56% and 48% of individuals at one yr and 26% and 24% at three years within the LAP and COCP teams, respectively (supplementary determine 1, panel B; knowledge are supplied for LNG-IUS and DMPA individually in supplementary determine 2). Supplementary tables 2 and three summarise causes for non-adherence.

Major end result measure

Three years after randomisation, no proof was discovered of a statistically vital distinction in ache scores between teams (adjusted imply distinction −0.8, 95% CI −5.7 to 4.2; P=0.76), with each teams displaying the same discount of round 40% (on common, 24 factors for LAP group and 23 factors for COCP group) in contrast with preoperative values (desk 2). On common, each teams maintained improved ache scores in any respect follow-up intervals in contrast with their preoperative scores (supplementary desk 4; fig 2). We didn’t discover any differential impact in any of the prespecified subgroups referring to the first end result (supplementary desk 5). Sensitivity evaluation performed to analyze lacking knowledge assumptions didn’t alter the preliminary interpretation (supplementary desk 6).

Desk 2

Outcomes of major and secondary outcomes at three years

Fig 2
Fig 2

EHP-30 ache scores over all time factors. COCP=mixed oral contraceptive tablet; EHP-30=Endometriosis Well being Profile 30; LAP=lengthy appearing progestogen

Secondary outcomes

Many of the domains of the EHP-30 had been improved in each teams in any respect time factors in contrast with preoperative scores, however there was no constant proof of any distinction between teams (desk 2 for outcomes at three years; supplementary desk 7 different time factors). Ache scores as measured by a visible analogue scale marginally improved in any respect time factors in contrast with preoperative scores, and when ache was measured by a Likert scale, responses appeared constant all through, with most girls reporting that their pelvic ache had not modified a lot or had change into worse over the previous month. There was no proof of constant variations between the teams (supplementary desk 8).

The Fatigue Severity Scale outcomes (supplementary desk 9) had been just like baseline scores all through in each teams, whereas generic high quality of life scores confirmed marginal enchancment in contrast with preoperative values (supplementary desk 10). The numbers of individuals reporting menstrual durations remained comparatively constant all through and had been decrease within the LAP group than the COCP group (54% (87/161) at six months, 51% (51/101) at three years v 76% (116/152) at six months, 63% (62/98) at three years, respectively; supplementary desk 11); these durations seemed to be much less common within the LAP group through the early levels of follow-up (supplementary desk 12), however had been comparable at three years (desk 2). The variety of recorded pregnancies was 17 within the LAP group and 24 within the COCP group (supplementary desk 13).

Fewer ladies required extra therapy within the LAP group in contrast with the COCP group (73 v 97 occasions, occurring in 50 v 61 ladies due to a number of repeat interventions in some individuals; supplementary desk 14), translating to a 33% discount in time to therapy failure (fig 3; hazard ratio 0.67, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.00). Inclusion of return to prerandomisation EHP-30 ache rating into the definition of therapy failure confirmed 11% fewer failures within the LAP group than within the COCP group (supplementary determine 3, hazard ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.19).

Fig 3
Fig 3

Kaplan-Meier plot of time with out additional therapeutic surgical procedure or second line therapy. CI=confidence interval; COCP=mixed oral contraceptive tablet; LAP=lengthy appearing progestogen

There have been 21 critical adversarial occasions in 14 ladies within the LAP group and 17 occasions in 15 ladies within the COCP group (P=0.79), none immediately associated to the trial therapy. Seven studies (4 in LAP group, three in COCP group) had been linked to deliberate being pregnant and start, eight (4 in every group) related to recurrent ache, and 7 (4 LAP, three COCP) had been related to the index endometriosis surgical procedure. The rest had been incidental hospital admissions.

Dialogue

Assertion of principal findings

A technique of prescribing LAP or COCP after surgical procedure for endometriosis resulted in related ranges of ache at three years, with each teams reporting an enchancment of virtually 40% from pretreatment ranges on common. Selection of a selected LAP (LNG-IUS or DMPA) earlier than randomisation didn’t alter these findings. Use of LAPs diminished the danger of second line medical remedies and additional surgical procedure.

Strengths and weaknesses of the examine

This massive randomised trial evaluated hormonal remedies for endometriosis associated ache with an extended follow-up at three years, and likewise included an financial analysis of postoperative use of LAP or COCP (the outcomes will likely be reported in a separate paper). Along with strict randomisation and suppleness within the interventions, the main strengths of this trial embody its give attention to affected person centred outcomes, and the provision of major end result knowledge on greater than 80% (337/405) of individuals. The pragmatic nature of the trial is extra more likely to improve the generalisability of our findings, though the predominance of white ladies within the recruited pattern limits our confidence about extrapolating the outcomes to ladies from different ethnic teams.

The three yr follow-up interval and the pragmatic design meant that comparatively few ladies continued on their initially allotted drug, altering or stopping their remedies relying on their circumstances, together with adjustments in reproductive plans. The assumed improved continuation fee over COCP (25%) was marginal for DMPA (30%) however was evident for LNG-IUS (46%), which could imply the supply methodology was higher tolerated, however might equally characterize the necessity to have the LNG-IUS eliminated at a medical facility. Whereas these low adherence charges may have decreased the flexibility of the trial to detect a significant distinction in efficacy between the 2 interventions, they don’t essentially detract from our capability to deal with the principle goal of this pragmatic trial, which was to check a coverage of prescribing COCP or LAP after surgical procedure for endometriosis over a 3 yr time interval.

PRE-EMPT offers knowledge on solely two of the three symptom outcomes within the core end result set for endometriosis, which had been revealed after the trial began.20 The precision of comparability of secondary outcomes was decreased by lacking knowledge owing to the prioritisation of strategies designed to seize the first end result.

Treating the 2 LAP preparations as a single intervention assumes a comparable mechanism of motion and potential affect on signs. Each remedies trigger progestogenic results, however there may be different modes of motion: LNG-IUS acts regionally within the uterus whereas DMPA is systemic and leads to ovarian suppression. Balanced subgroup evaluation didn’t present any differential impact on major end result measures. The present design additionally limits energy for significant comparisons between LNG-IUS or DMPA individually with COCP. Whereas these components make it troublesome to touch upon the efficacy of LAPs and COCP, the outcomes of this trial permit a transparent understanding of the medium time period worth of prescribing both class of drug after endometriosis surgical procedure.

Strengths and weaknesses in relation to different research

The extended period of this trial, which began recruitment in 2014, implies that newer hormonal therapy choices for endometriosis have change into accessible, together with the fourth technology artificial oral progestogen dienogest21 and oral gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonists22 containing add-back hormone alternative. Importantly, nonetheless, LAPs and COCP are generally used hormonal contraceptives worldwide; they’re low cost, simply accessed, and have a well-known aspect impact and security profile. Though the follow-up interval is the longest of any comparable trial,23 the proof supplied by this trial is just related for the three years after surgical procedure in a situation that may persist till menopause and infrequently requires a number of episodes of additional therapy.5

The absence of a no therapy possibility prevented exploration of the affect of surgical procedure alone, though a scientific evaluate involving 17 research of varied hormonal remedies for various endometriosis subtypes confirmed a decreased danger of recurrence related to their use.24 Our trial additionally assumes an inherent profit from surgical procedure, which has not been conclusively proven.25 Nonetheless, the primary six months after surgical procedure does reveal the largest discount in self-reported ache scores. An ongoing trial, ESPRIT 2 (https://www.ed.ac.uk/centre-reproductive-health/esprit2), goals to evaluate the brief time period affect of destruction of superficial endometriosis lesions in contrast with laparoscopy alone, however as alternative of postoperative hormones will likely be decided by individuals, LAPs and COCP is not going to be in contrast. Though recruitment was accomplished earlier than the covid-19 pandemic, the restrictions on elective surgical procedures in 2020 and the size of subsequent surgical ready lists may need diminished the variety of repeat procedures.

That means of the examine

The outcomes of this trial present that prescribing a LAP or COCP is equally efficient in lowering ache three years after endometriosis surgical procedure, and reinforce present steerage recommending routine postsurgical hormonal therapy on this context. Ladies present process laparoscopic surgical procedure could be knowledgeable that both class of hormonal drug reduces ache over a 3 yr interval and that LAPs might decrease the danger of additional surgical procedure. Healthcare suppliers can word that prescribing LAPs reduces the necessity for additional second line remedies.

Unanswered questions and future analysis

Different hormonal medication, together with dienogest and mixture gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonists with add-back hormone preparations, needs to be in contrast in opposition to LAPs and the COCP to find out relative effectiveness in stopping recurrence of ache, and their prices. The identification of non-invasive strategies to diagnose endometriosis (radiological or by dependable blood and urinary biomarkers) to keep away from the necessity for preliminary and repeat laparoscopy can be massively useful. Due to this fact, future analysis ought to give attention to early, non-invasive prognosis and efficient therapy of endometriosis to make sure long run alleviation of ache and improved high quality of life.

What’s already identified on this subject

  • Laparoscopic excisional or ablative surgical procedure for endometriosis has been proven to enhance signs of ache, however postoperative recurrence is frequent

  • The mixed oral contraceptive tablet (COCP) and progestogens are extensively used to deal with endometriosis associated ache; lengthy appearing progestogens (LAPs) have the benefit of requiring much less frequent administration

  • Uncertainty exists about which hormonal possibility (COCP or LAPs) is best for stopping recurrence of ache after surgical procedure to take away endometriosis

What this examine provides

  • Prescribing the COCP or LAPs after surgical procedure for endometriosis resulted in a 40% discount in ache scores in each therapy teams at three years

  • Ladies within the LAP therapy group had been much less more likely to want second line medical remedies and additional surgical procedure

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